11. Pañcasatikakkhandhakaṃ

1. Saṅgītinidānaṃ

437. Atha kho āyasmā mahākassapo bhikkhū āmantesi – ‘‘ekamidāhaṃ, āvuso, samayaṃ pāvāya kusināraṃ addhānamaggappaṭipanno mahatā bhikkhusaṅghena saddhiṃ pañcamattehi bhikkhusatehi. Atha khvāhaṃ, āvuso, maggā okkamma aññatarasmiṃ rukkhamūle nisīdiṃ.

[dī. ni. 2.231] ‘‘Tena kho pana samayena aññataro ājīvako kusinārāya mandāravapupphaṃ gahetvā pāvaṃ addhānamaggappaṭipanno hoti. Addasaṃ kho ahaṃ, āvuso, taṃ ājīvakaṃ dūratova āgacchantaṃ. Disvāna taṃ ājīvakaṃ etadavocaṃ – ‘apāvuso, amhākaṃ satthāraṃ jānāsī’ti? ‘Āmāvuso, jānāmi. Ajja sattāhaparinibbuto samaṇo gotamo. Tato me idaṃ mandāravapupphaṃ gahita’nti. Tatrāvuso, ye te bhikkhū avītarāgā appekacce bāhā paggayha kandanti, chinnapātaṃ papatanti, āvaṭṭanti, vivaṭṭanti – atikhippaṃ bhagavā parinibbuto, atikhippaṃ sugato parinibbuto, atikhippaṃ cakkhuṃ loke antarahitanti. Ye pana te bhikkhū vītarāgā te satā sampajānā adhivāsenti – aniccā saṅkhārā, taṃ kutettha labbhāti.

‘‘Atha khvāhaṃ, āvuso, te bhikkhū etadavocaṃ – ‘alaṃ, āvuso, mā socittha; mā paridevittha. Nanvetaṃ, āvuso, bhagavatā paṭikacceva akkhātaṃ – sabbeheva piyehi manāpehi nānābhāvo vinābhāvo aññathābhāvo. Taṃ kutettha āvuso labbhā, yaṃ taṃ jātaṃ bhūtaṃ saṅkhataṃ palokadhammaṃ, taṃ vata mā palujjīti – netaṃ ṭhānaṃ vijjatī’ti.

‘‘Tena kho panāvuso, samayena subhaddo nāma vuḍḍhapabbajito tassaṃ parisāyaṃ nisinno hoti . Atha kho, āvuso, subhaddo vuḍḍhapabbajito te bhikkhū etadavoca – ‘alaṃ, āvuso, mā socittha; mā paridevittha. Sumuttā mayaṃ tena mahāsamaṇena ; upaddutā ca mayaṃ homa – idaṃ vo kappati, idaṃ vo na kappatīti. Idāni pana mayaṃ yaṃ icchissāma taṃ karissāma, yaṃ na icchissāma na taṃ karissāmā’ti. Handa mayaṃ, āvuso, dhammañca vinayañca saṅgāyāma. Pure adhammo dippati [dibbati (ka.)], dhammo paṭibāhiyyati; pure avinayo dippati vinayo paṭibāhiyyati; pure adhammavādino balavanto honti, dhammavādino dubbalā honti; pure avinayavādino balavanto honti, vinayavādino dubbalā hontī’’ti.

‘‘Tena hi, bhante, thero bhikkhū uccinatū’’ti. Atha kho āyasmā mahākassapo ekenūnapañcaarahantasatāni uccini. Bhikkhū āyasmantaṃ mahākassapaṃ etadavocuṃ – ‘‘ayaṃ, bhante, āyasmā ānando kiñcāpi sekkho, abhabbo chandā dosā mohā bhayā agatiṃ gantuṃ. Bahu ca anena bhagavato santike dhammo ca vinayo ca pariyatto. Tena hi, bhante, thero āyasmantampi ānandaṃ uccinatū’’ti . Atha kho āyasmā mahākassapo āyasmantampi ānandaṃ uccini.

Atha kho therānaṃ bhikkhūnaṃ etadahosi – ‘‘kattha nu kho mayaṃ dhammañca vinayañca saṅgāyeyyāmā’’ti? Atha kho therānaṃ bhikkhūnaṃ etadahosi – ‘‘rājagahaṃ kho mahāgocaraṃ pahūtasenāsanaṃ, yaṃnūna mayaṃ rājagahe vassaṃ vasantā dhammañca vinayañca saṅgāyeyyāma. Na aññe bhikkhū rājagahe vassaṃ upagaccheyyu’’nti.

Atha kho āyasmā mahākassapo saṅghaṃ ñāpesi –



这是11. 五百结集
结集缘起
那时，尊者大迦叶对比丘们说道:"朋友们,有一次我从波婆(Pāvā)前往拘尸那罗(Kusināra)途中,与大比丘众约五百位比丘同行。朋友们,那时我离开大路,在一棵树下坐下。
"当时,有一位阿耆毗外道从拘尸那罗拿着曼陀罗花前往波婆。朋友们,我远远地看见那位阿耆毗外道走来。看见后,我对那位阿耆毗外道说:'朋友,你知道我们的导师吗?''是的,朋友,我知道。沙门乔达摩七天前已般涅槃。我从那里拿到这朵曼陀罗花。'朋友们,在那里,那些还未离欲的比丘,有些举起双臂哭泣,有些倒地打滚,有些来回打转,说道:'世尊太快般涅槃了,善逝太快般涅槃了,世间的眼目太快消失了。'但那些已离欲的比丘,则正念正知地忍受:'诸行无常,从哪里能得到不灭呢?'
"朋友们,那时我对那些比丘说:'够了,朋友们,不要悲伤,不要哀叹。朋友们,世尊不是早就说过吗 - 一切可爱可意之物必有别离、分散、变异。朋友们,凡是生、有、有为、坏灭之法,怎能不坏灭呢?这是不可能的。'
"朋友们,当时有一位名叫须跋陀的年老出家者坐在那群人中。朋友们,那时须跋陀年老出家者对那些比丘说:'够了,朋友们,不要悲伤,不要哀叹。我们已经摆脱了那位大沙门;我们一直被他烦扰 - 这个可以,那个不可以。现在我们想做什么就做什么,不想做什么就不做。'朋友们,来吧,让我们结集法与律。以免非法兴盛,正法衰微;以免非律兴盛,正律衰微;以免非法论者强盛,持法论者衰弱;以免非律论者强盛,持律论者衰弱。"
"那么,尊者,请长老选择比丘吧。"于是尊者大迦叶选出四百九十九位阿罗汉。比丘们对尊者大迦叶说:"尊者,这位尊者阿难虽然还是有学,但不可能因贪、嗔、痴、怖而走向偏袒。他从世尊那里学到了很多法和律。因此,尊者,请长老也选择尊者阿难。"于是尊者大迦叶也选择了尊者阿难。
那时,长老比丘们想:"我们应该在哪里结集法与律呢?"长老比丘们想:"王舍城(Rājagaha)是个大城市,有很多住处,我们应该在王舍城度过雨安居,结集法与律。其他比丘不应该在王舍城度过雨安居。"
然后尊者大迦叶向僧团宣布:

438. ‘‘Suṇātu me, āvuso, saṅgho. Yadi saṅghassa pattakallaṃ, saṅgho imāni pañca bhikkhusatāni sammanneyya – rājagahe vassaṃ vasantāni dhammañca vinayañca saṅgāyituṃ, na aññehi bhikkhūhi rājagahe vassaṃ vasitabbanti. Esā ñatti.

‘‘Suṇātu me, āvuso, saṅgho. Imāni pañca bhikkhusatāni sammannati – rājagahe vassaṃ vasantāni dhammañca vinayañca saṅgāyituṃ, na aññehi bhikkhūhi rājagahe vassaṃ vasitabbanti. Yassāyasmato khamati imesaṃ pañcannaṃ bhikkhusatānaṃ sammuti – rājagahe vassaṃ vasantānaṃ dhammañca vinayañca saṅgāyituṃ, na aññehi bhikkhūhi rājagahe vassaṃ vasitabbanti – so tuṇhassa; yassa nakkhamati, so bhāseyya.

‘‘Sammatāni saṅghena imāni pañca bhikkhusatāni rājagahe vassaṃ vasantāni dhammañca vinayañca saṅgāyituṃ, na aññehi bhikkhūhi rājagahe vassaṃ vasitabbanti. Khamati saṅghassa, tasmā tuṇhī, evametaṃ dhārayāmī’’ti.

Atha kho therā bhikkhū rājagahaṃ agamaṃsu dhammañca vinayañca saṅgāyituṃ. Atha kho therānaṃ bhikkhūnaṃ etadahosi – ‘‘bhagavatā kho, āvuso, khaṇḍaphullappaṭisaṅkharaṇaṃ vaṇṇitaṃ. Handa mayaṃ, āvuso, paṭhamaṃ māsaṃ khaṇḍaphullaṃ paṭisaṅkharoma; majjhimaṃ māsaṃ sannipatitvā dhammañca vinayañca saṅgāyissāmā’’ti.

Atha kho therā bhikkhū paṭhamaṃ māsaṃ khaṇḍaphullaṃ paṭisaṅkhariṃsu. Atha kho āyasmā ānando – sve sannipāto [sannipātoti (ka.)] na kho metaṃ patirūpaṃ, yohaṃ sekkho samāno sannipātaṃ gaccheyyanti – bahudeva rattiṃ kāyagatāya satiyā vītināmetvā rattiyā paccūsasamayaṃ ‘nipajjissāmī’ti kāyaṃ āvajjesi. Appattañca sīsaṃ bibbohanaṃ, bhūmito ca pādā muttā. Etasmiṃ antare anupādāya āsavehi cittaṃ vimucci.

439. Atha kho āyasmā ānando arahā samāno sannipātaṃ agamāsi. Atha kho āyasmā mahākassapo saṅghaṃ ñāpesi –

‘‘Suṇātu me, āvuso, saṅgho. Yadi saṅghassa pattakallaṃ, ahaṃ upāliṃ vinayaṃ puccheyya’’nti.

Āyasmā upāli saṅghaṃ ñāpesi –

‘‘Suṇātu me, bhante, saṅgho. Yadi saṅghassa pattakallaṃ, ahaṃ āyasmatā mahākassapena vinayaṃ puṭṭho vissajjeyya’’nti.

Atha kho āyasmā mahākassapo āyasmantaṃ upāliṃ etadavoca – ‘‘paṭhamaṃ, āvuso upāli , pārājikaṃ kattha paññatta’’nti? ‘‘Vesāliyaṃ bhante’’ti. ‘‘Kaṃ ārabbhā’’ti? ‘‘Sudinnaṃ kalandaputtaṃ ārabbhā’’ti. ‘‘Kismiṃ vatthusmi’’nti? ‘‘Methunadhamme’’ti. Atha kho āyasmā mahākassapo āyasmantaṃ upāliṃ paṭhamassa pārājikassa vatthumpi pucchi, nidānampi pucchi, puggalampi pucchi, paññattimpi pucchi, anupaññattimpi pucchi, āpattimpi pucchi, anāpattimpi pucchi. ‘‘Dutiyaṃ panāvuso upāli, pārājikaṃ kattha paññatta’’nti? ‘‘Rājagahe bhante’’ti. ‘‘Kaṃ ārabbhā’’ti? ‘‘Dhaniyaṃ kumbhakāraputtaṃ ārabbhā’’ti. ‘‘Kismiṃ vatthusmi’’nti? ‘‘Adinnādāne’’ti. Atha kho āyasmā mahākassapo āyasmantaṃ upāliṃ dutiyassa pārājikassa vatthumpi pucchi, nidānampi pucchi, puggalampi pucchi, paññattimpi pucchi, anupaññattimpi pucchi, āpattimpi pucchi, anāpattimpi pucchi. ‘‘Tatiyaṃ panāvuso upāli, pārājikaṃ kattha paññatta’’nti? ‘‘Vesāliyaṃ bhante’’ti. ‘‘Kaṃ ārabbhā’’ti? ‘‘Sambahule bhikkhū ārabbhā’’ti. ‘‘Kismiṃ vatthusmi’’nti? ‘‘Manussaviggahe’’ti. Atha kho āyasmā mahākassapo āyasmantaṃ upāliṃ tatiyassa pārājikassa vatthumpi pucchi, nidānampi pucchi, puggalampi pucchi, paññattimpi pucchi, anupaññattimpi pucchi, āpattimpi pucchi, anāpattimpi pucchi. ‘‘Catutthaṃ panāvuso upāli, pārājikaṃ kattha paññatta’’nti? ‘‘Vesāliyaṃ bhante’’ti. ‘‘Kaṃ ārabbhā’’ti? ‘‘Vaggumudātīriye bhikkhū ārabbhā’’ti. ‘‘Kismiṃ vatthusmi’’nti? ‘‘Uttarimanussadhamme’’ti. Atha kho āyasmā mahākassapo āyasmantaṃ upāliṃ catutthassa pārājikassa vatthumpi pucchi, nidānampi pucchi, puggalampi pucchi, paññattimpi pucchi, anupaññattimpi pucchi, āpattimpi pucchi, anāpattimpi pucchi. Eteneva upāyena ubhatovibhaṅge pucchi. Puṭṭho puṭṭho āyasmā upāli vissajjesi.



"朋友们,请听我说。如果僧团认为时机已到,僧团应当指定这五百位比丘在王舍城度过雨安居,结集法与律,其他比丘不应在王舍城度过雨安居。这是动议。
朋友们,请听我说。僧团正在指定这五百位比丘在王舍城度过雨安居,结集法与律,其他比丘不应在王舍城度过雨安居。哪位尊者同意指定这五百位比丘在王舍城度过雨安居,结集法与律,其他比丘不应在王舍城度过雨安居,请保持沉默;谁不同意,请说出来。
僧团已经指定这五百位比丘在王舍城度过雨安居,结集法与律,其他比丘不应在王舍城度过雨安居。僧团同意,因此保持沉默。我如此认定。"
然后,长老比丘们前往王舍城结集法与律。那时,长老比丘们想:"朋友们,世尊赞叹修补破损之处。朋友们,来吧,让我们第一个月修补破损之处;中间的月份我们聚集起来结集法与律。"
于是长老比丘们在第一个月修补破损之处。那时,尊者阿难想:"明天就是集会了。我还是有学,不适合参加集会。"他整夜专注于身念,到了凌晨时分想要躺下,身体倾斜,头还未触及枕头,双脚刚离地,就在这个间隙中,他的心无取著而从诸漏中解脱。
然后,尊者阿难成为阿罗汉后参加了集会。那时,尊者大迦叶向僧团宣布:
"朋友们,请听我说。如果僧团认为时机已到,我将询问优波离关于律的问题。"
尊者优波离向僧团宣布:
"大德们,请听我说。如果僧团认为时机已到,我将回答尊者大迦叶关于律的问题。"
然后,尊者大迦叶对尊者优波离说:"朋友优波离,第一波罗夷在哪里制定的?""大德,在毗舍离(Vesālī)。""关于谁?""关于善生迦兰陀子。""什么事?""淫欲法。"然后尊者大迦叶询问尊者优波离关于第一波罗夷的缘起、因缘、人物、制定、补充制定、犯戒和不犯戒。"朋友优波离,第二波罗夷在哪里制定的?""大德,在王舍城。""关于谁?""关于陶师子达尼耶。""什么事?""不与取。"然后尊者大迦叶询问尊者优波离关于第二波罗夷的缘起、因缘、人物、制定、补充制定、犯戒和不犯戒。"朋友优波离,第三波罗夷在哪里制定的?""大德,在毗舍离。""关于谁?""关于众多比丘。""什么事?""杀人。"然后尊者大迦叶询问尊者优波离关于第三波罗夷的缘起、因缘、人物、制定、补充制定、犯戒和不犯戒。"朋友优波离,第四波罗夷在哪里制定的?""大德,在毗舍离。""关于谁?""关于瓦基河畔的比丘们。""什么事?""妄称上人法。"然后尊者大迦叶询问尊者优波离关于第四波罗夷的缘起、因缘、人物、制定、补充制定、犯戒和不犯戒。以同样的方式,他询问了两部分别。尊者优波离回答了每一个问题。

440. Atha kho āyasmā mahākassapo saṅghaṃ ñāpesi –

‘‘Suṇātu me, āvuso, saṅgho. Yadi saṅghassa pattakallaṃ, ahaṃ ānandaṃ dhammaṃ puccheyya’’nti.

Āyasmā ānando saṅghaṃ ñāpesi –

‘‘Suṇātu me, bhante, saṅgho. Yadi saṅghassa pattakallaṃ, ahaṃ āyasmatā mahākassapena dhammaṃ puṭṭho vissajjeyya’’nti.

Atha kho āyasmā mahākassapo āyasmantaṃ ānandaṃ etadavoca – ‘‘brahmajālaṃ, āvuso ānanda, kattha bhāsita’’nti? ‘‘Antarā ca, bhante, rājagahaṃ antarā ca nāḷandaṃ rājāgārake ambalaṭṭhikāyā’’ti. ‘‘Kaṃ ārabbhā’’ti? ‘‘Suppiyañca paribbājakaṃ brahmadattañca māṇava’’nti. Atha kho āyasmā mahākassapo āyasmantaṃ ānandaṃ brahmajālassa nidānampi pucchi, puggalampi pucchi. ‘‘Sāmaññaphalaṃ panāvuso ānanda, kattha bhāsita’’nti? ‘‘Rājagahe, bhante, jīvakambavane’’ti. ‘‘Kena saddhi’’nti? ‘‘Ajātasattunā vedehiputtena saddhi’’nti. Atha kho āyasmā mahākassapo āyasmantaṃ ānandaṃ sāmaññaphalassa nidānampi pucchi, puggalampi pucchi. Eteneva upāyena pañcapi nikāye pucchi. Puṭṭho puṭṭho āyasmā ānando vissajjesi.

2. Khuddānukhuddakasikkhāpadakathā

441. Atha kho āyasmā ānando there bhikkhū etadavoca – ‘‘bhagavā maṃ, bhante, parinibbānakāle evamāha – ‘ākaṅkhamāno, ānanda, saṅgho mamaccayena khuddānukhuddakāni sikkhāpadāni samūhaneyyā’’’ti. ‘‘Pucchi pana tvaṃ, āvuso ānanda, bhagavantaṃ – ‘katamāni pana, bhante, khuddānukhuddakāni sikkhāpadānī’’’ti? ‘‘Na khohaṃ, bhante, bhagavantaṃ pucchiṃ – ‘katamāni pana, bhante, khuddānukhuddakāni sikkhāpadānī’’ti. Ekacce therā evamāhaṃsu – ‘‘cattāri pārājikāni ṭhapetvā, avasesāni khuddānukhuddakāni sikkhāpadānī’’ti. Ekacce therā evamāhaṃsu – ‘‘cattāri pārājikāni ṭhapetvā , terasa saṅghādisese ṭhapetvā, avasesāni khuddānukhuddakāni sikkhāpadānī’’ti. Ekacce therā evamāhaṃsu – ‘‘cattāri pārājikāni ṭhapetvā, terasa saṅghādisese ṭhapetvā, dve aniyate ṭhapetvā, avasesāni khuddānukhuddakāni sikkhāpadānī’’ti. Ekacce therā evamāhaṃsu – ‘‘cattāri pārājikāni ṭhapetvā, terasa saṅghādisese ṭhapetvā, dve aniyate ṭhapetvā, tiṃsa nissaggiye pācittiye ṭhapetvā, avasesāni khuddānukhuddakāni sikkhāpadānī’’ti. Ekacce therā evamāhaṃsu – ‘‘cattāri pārājikāni ṭhapetvā, terasa saṅghādisese ṭhapetvā, dve aniyate ṭhapetvā, tiṃsa nissaggiye pācittiye ṭhapetvā, dvenavuti pācittiye ṭhapetvā, avasesāni khuddānukhuddakāni sikkhāpadānī’’ti. Ekacce therā evamāhaṃsu – ‘‘cattāri pārājikāni ṭhapetvā, terasa saṅghādisese ṭhapetvā, dve aniyate ṭhapetvā, tiṃsa nissaggiye pācittiye ṭhapetvā, dvenavuti pācittiye ṭhapetvā, cattāro pāṭidesanīye ṭhapetvā, avasesāni khuddānukhuddakāni sikkhāpadānī’’ti.



然后,尊者大迦叶向僧团宣布:
"朋友们,请听我说。如果僧团认为时机已到,我将询问阿难关于法的问题。"
尊者阿难向僧团宣布:
"大德们,请听我说。如果僧团认为时机已到,我将回答尊者大迦叶关于法的问题。"
然后,尊者大迦叶对尊者阿难说:"朋友阿难,《梵网经》是在哪里宣说的?""大德,是在王舍城和那烂陀之间的王家芒果园中。""关于谁?""关于游行者须毗耶和青年梵摩达多。"然后尊者大迦叶询问尊者阿难关于《梵网经》的因缘和人物。"朋友阿难,《沙门果经》是在哪里宣说的?""大德,是在王舍城的耆婆芒果园。""与谁一起?""与阿阇世王韦提希子一起。"然后尊者大迦叶询问尊者阿难关于《沙门果经》的因缘和人物。以同样的方式,他询问了五部尼柯耶。尊者阿难回答了每一个问题。
关于小小学处的讨论
然后,尊者阿难对长老比丘们说:"大德们,世尊在般涅槃时对我这样说:'阿难,如果僧团愿意,在我去世后可以废除小小学处。'"(有比丘问:)"朋友阿难,你有没有问世尊:'大德,什么是小小学处?'"(阿难回答:)"大德们,我没有问世尊:'大德,什么是小小学处?'"有些长老这样说:"除了四波罗夷,其余的都是小小学处。"有些长老这样说:"除了四波罗夷和十三僧残,其余的都是小小学处。"有些长老这样说:"除了四波罗夷、十三僧残和两不定法,其余的都是小小学处。"有些长老这样说:"除了四波罗夷、十三僧残、两不定法和三十舍堕,其余的都是小小学处。"有些长老这样说:"除了四波罗夷、十三僧残、两不定法、三十舍堕和九十二单堕,其余的都是小小学处。"有些长老这样说:"除了四波罗夷、十三僧残、两不定法、三十舍堕、九十二单堕和四悔过法,其余的都是小小学处。"

442. Atha kho āyasmā mahākassapo saṅghaṃ ñāpesi –

‘‘Suṇātu me, āvuso, saṅgho. Santamhākaṃ sikkhāpadāni gihigatāni. Gihinopi jānanti – ‘idaṃ vo samaṇānaṃ sakyaputtiyānaṃ kappati, idaṃ vo na kappatī’ti. Sace mayaṃ khuddānukhuddakāni sikkhāpadāni samūhanissāma, bhavissanti vattāro – ‘dhūmakālikaṃ samaṇena gotamena sāvakānaṃ sikkhāpadaṃ paññattaṃ. Yāvimesaṃ satthā aṭṭhāsi tāvime sikkhāpadesu sikkhiṃsu. Yato imesaṃ satthā parinibbuto, na dānime sikkhāpadesu sikkhantī’ti. Yadi saṅghassa pattakallaṃ, saṅgho appaññattaṃ nappaññapeyya, paññattaṃ na samucchindeyya, yathāpaññattesu sikkhāpadesu samādāya vatteyya. Esā ñatti.

‘‘Suṇātu me, āvuso, saṅgho. Santamhākaṃ sikkhāpadāni gihigatāni. Gihinopi jānanti – ‘idaṃ vo samaṇānaṃ sakyaputtiyānaṃ kappati, idaṃ vo na kappatī’ti. Sace mayaṃ khuddānukhuddakāni sikkhāpadāni samūhanissāma, bhavissanti vattāro – ‘dhūmakālikaṃ samaṇena gotamena sāvakānaṃ sikkhāpadaṃ paññattaṃ . Yāvimesaṃ satthā aṭṭhāsi tāvime sikkhāpadesu sikkhiṃsu. Yato imesaṃ satthā parinibbuto, na dānime sikkhāpadesu sikkhantī’ti. Saṅgho appaññattaṃ nappaññapeti, paññattaṃ na samucchindati, yathāpaññattesu sikkhāpadesu samādāya vattati. Yassāyasmato khamati appaññattassa appaññāpanā, paññattassa asamucchedo, yathāpaññattesu sikkhāpadesu samādāya vattanā, so tuṇhassa; yassa nakkhamati, so bhāseyya.

‘‘Saṅgho appaññattaṃ nappaññapeti, paññattaṃ na samucchindati, yathāpaññattesu sikkhāpadesu samādāya vattati. Khamati saṅghassa, tasmā tuṇhī, evametaṃ dhārayāmī’’ti.

443. Atha kho therā bhikkhū āyasmantaṃ ānandaṃ etadavocuṃ – ‘‘idaṃ te, āvuso ānanda, dukkaṭaṃ, yaṃ tvaṃ bhagavantaṃ na pucchi – ‘katamāni pana, bhante, khuddānukhuddakāni sikkhāpadānī’ti. Desehi taṃ dukkaṭa’’nti. ‘‘Ahaṃ kho, bhante, assatiyā bhagavantaṃ na pucchiṃ – ‘katamāni pana, bhante, khuddānukhuddakāni sikkhāpadānī’ti. Nāhaṃ taṃ dukkaṭaṃ passāmi, api cāyasmantānaṃ saddhāya desemi taṃ dukkaṭa’’nti. ‘‘Idampi te, āvuso ānanda, dukkaṭaṃ, yaṃ tvaṃ bhagavato vassikasāṭikaṃ akkamitvā sibbesi. Desehi taṃ dukkaṭa’’nti. ‘‘Ahaṃ kho, bhante, na agāravena bhagavato vassikasāṭikaṃ akkamitvā sibbesiṃ. Nāhaṃ taṃ dukkaṭaṃ passāmi, api cāyasmantānaṃ saddhāya desemi taṃ dukkaṭa’’nti. ‘‘Idampi te, āvuso ānanda, dukkaṭaṃ, yaṃ tvaṃ mātugāmehi bhagavato sarīraṃ paṭhamaṃ vandāpesi, tāsaṃ rodantīnaṃ bhagavato sarīraṃ assukena makkhitaṃ. Desehi taṃ dukkaṭa’’nti. Ahaṃ kho, bhante – māyimāsaṃ [māyimā (sī. syā.)] vikāle ahesunti – mātugāmehi bhagavato sarīraṃ paṭhamaṃ vandāpesiṃ. Nāhaṃ taṃ dukkaṭaṃ passāmi, api cāyasmantānaṃ saddhāya desemi taṃ dukkaṭa’’nti. ‘‘Idampi te, āvuso ānanda, dukkaṭaṃ, yaṃ tvaṃ bhagavatā oḷārike nimitte kayiramāne, oḷārike obhāse kayiramāne, na bhagavantaṃ yāci – ‘tiṭṭhatu bhagavā kappaṃ, tiṭṭhatu sugato kappaṃ, bahujanahitāya bahujanasukhāya lokānukampāya atthāya hitāya sukhāya devamanussāna’nti. Desehi taṃ dukkaṭa’’nti. ‘‘Ahaṃ kho, bhante, mārena pariyuṭṭhitacitto na bhagavantaṃ yāciṃ – ‘tiṭṭhatu bhagavā kappaṃ, tiṭṭhatu sugato kappaṃ, bahujanahitāya bahujanasukhāya lokānukampāya atthāya hitāya sukhāya devamanussāna’nti. Nāhaṃ taṃ dukkaṭaṃ passāmi, api cāyasmantānaṃ saddhāya desemi taṃ dukkaṭa’’nti. ‘‘Idampi te, āvuso ānanda, dukkaṭaṃ yaṃ tvaṃ mātugāmassa tathāgatappavedite dhammavinaye pabbajjaṃ ussukkaṃ akāsi. Desehi taṃ dukkaṭa’’nti. ‘‘Ahaṃ kho, bhante, ayaṃ mahāpajāpati gotamī bhagavato mātucchā āpādikā posikā khīrassa dāyikā bhagavantaṃ janettiyā kālaṅkatāya thaññaṃ pāyesīti mātugāmassa tathāgatappavedite dhammavinaye pabbajjaṃ ussukkaṃ akāsiṃ. Nāhaṃ taṃ dukkaṭaṃ passāmi, api cāyasmantānaṃ saddhāya desemi taṃ dukkaṭa’’nti.



然后,尊者大迦叶向僧团宣布:
"朋友们,请听我说。我们有些学处已为在家人所知。在家人也知道:'这个是允许释迦子沙门做的,这个是不允许释迦子沙门做的。'如果我们废除小小学处,将会有人说:'沙门乔达摩为弟子制定的学处只是暂时的。只要他们的导师还在世,他们就遵守这些学处。现在他们的导师已经般涅槃,他们就不再遵守这些学处了。'如果僧团认为时机已到,僧团不应制定未制定的,不应废除已制定的,应该如所制定的学处那样遵守实行。这是动议。
朋友们,请听我说。我们有些学处已为在家人所知。在家人也知道:'这个是允许释迦子沙门做的,这个是不允许释迦子沙门做的。'如果我们废除小小学处,将会有人说:'沙门乔达摩为弟子制定的学处只是暂时的。只要他们的导师还在世,他们就遵守这些学处。现在他们的导师已经般涅槃,他们就不再遵守这些学处了。'僧团不制定未制定的,不废除已制定的,如所制定的学处那样遵守实行。哪位尊者同意不制定未制定的,不废除已制定的,如所制定的学处那样遵守实行,请保持沉默;谁不同意,请说出来。
僧团不制定未制定的,不废除已制定的,如所制定的学处那样遵守实行。僧团同意,因此保持沉默。我如此认定。"
然后,长老比丘们对尊者阿难说:"朋友阿难,你犯了恶作,因为你没有问世尊:'大德,什么是小小学处?'请忏悔这个恶作。""大德们,我因为忘记而没有问世尊:'大德,什么是小小学处?'我不认为这是恶作,但我出于对尊者们的信仰而忏悔这个恶作。""朋友阿难,你还犯了恶作,因为你踩着世尊的雨浴衣缝补。请忏悔这个恶作。""大德们,我不是出于不恭敬而踩着世尊的雨浴衣缝补的。我不认为这是恶作,但我出于对尊者们的信仰而忏悔这个恶作。""朋友阿难,你还犯了恶作,因为你让女人们先礼拜世尊的遗体,她们哭泣时眼泪沾湿了世尊的遗体。请忏悔这个恶作。""大德们,我是想着'不要让她们错过时机'而让女人们先礼拜世尊的遗体的。我不认为这是恶作,但我出于对尊者们的信仰而忏悔这个恶作。""朋友阿难,你还犯了恶作,因为当世尊显示如此明显的征兆,如此明显的暗示时,你没有请求世尊:'愿世尊住世一劫,愿善逝住世一劫,为了众生的利益,为了众生的安乐,出于对世间的悲悯,为了天人的利益、福祉和安乐。'请忏悔这个恶作。""大德们,我当时被魔罗迷惑了心智,所以没有请求世尊:'愿世尊住世一劫,愿善逝住世一劫,为了众生的利益,为了众生的安乐,出于对世间的悲悯,为了天人的利益、福祉和安乐。'我不认为这是恶作,但我出于对尊者们的信仰而忏悔这个恶作。""朋友阿难,你还犯了恶作,因为你努力让女人在如来宣说的法律中出家。请忏悔这个恶作。""大德们,我是考虑到大爱道乔达弥是世尊的姨母,是抚养者,是哺乳者,在世尊生母去世后给世尊喂奶,所以我努力让女人在如来宣说的法律中出家。我不认为这是恶作,但我出于对尊者们的信仰而忏悔这个恶作。"

444. Tena kho pana samayena āyasmā purāṇo dakkhiṇāgirismiṃ cārikaṃ carati mahatā bhikkhusaṅghena saddhiṃ pañcamattehi bhikkhusatehi. Atha kho āyasmā purāṇo therehi bhikkhūhi dhamme ca vinaye ca saṅgīte dakkhiṇāgirismiṃ yathābhirantaṃ viharitvā yena rājagahaṃ yena veḷuvanaṃ kalandakanivāpo yena therā bhikkhū tenupasaṅkami, upasaṅkamitvā therehi bhikkhūhi saddhiṃ paṭisammoditvā ekamantaṃ nisīdi. Ekamantaṃ nisinnaṃ kho āyasmantaṃ purāṇaṃ therā bhikkhū etadavocuṃ – ‘‘therehi, āvuso purāṇa, dhammo ca vinayo ca saṅgīto. Upehi taṃ saṅgīti’’nti. ‘‘Susaṅgītāvuso, therehi dhammo ca vinayo ca. Apica yatheva mayā bhagavato sammukhā sutaṃ, sammukhā paṭiggahitaṃ, tathevāhaṃ dhāressāmī’’ti.

3. Brahmadaṇḍakathā



那时,尊者富楼那正在南山(Dakkhiṇāgiri)游行,与大比丘众约五百位比丘同行。当长老比丘们结集法和律后,尊者富楼那在南山随意住了一段时间,然后前往王舍城的竹林栗鼠feeding ground,去见长老比丘们。到达后,与长老比丘们互相问候,然后坐在一旁。长老比丘们对坐在一旁的尊者富楼那说:"朋友富楼那,长老们已经结集了法和律。请你接受这个结集。"(富楼那回答:)"朋友们,长老们很好地结集了法和律。但是,我将按照我亲自从世尊那里听到和接受的来记持。"
关于梵罚的讨论


445. Atha kho āyasmā ānando there bhikkhū etadavoca – ‘‘bhagavā maṃ, bhante, parinibbānakāle evamāha – ‘tena hānanda, saṅgho mamaccayena channassa bhikkhuno brahmadaṇḍaṃ āṇāpetū’’’ti . ‘‘Pucchi pana tvaṃ, āvuso ānanda, bhagavantaṃ – ‘katamo pana, bhante, brahmadaṇḍo’’’ti? ‘‘Pucchiṃ khohaṃ, bhante, bhagavantaṃ – ‘katamo pana, bhante, brahmadaṇḍo’’’ti? ‘‘Channo, ānanda, bhikkhu yaṃ iccheyya taṃ vadeyya. Bhikkhūhi channo bhikkhu neva vattabbo, na ovaditabbo, nānusāsitabbo’’ti. ‘‘Tena hāvuso ānanda, tvaṃyeva channassa bhikkhuno brahmadaṇḍaṃ āṇāpehī’’ti. ‘‘Kathāhaṃ, bhante, channassa bhikkhuno brahmadaṇḍaṃ āṇāpemi, caṇḍo so bhikkhu pharuso’’ti? ‘Tena hāvuso ānanda, bahukehi bhikkhūhi saddhiṃ gacchāhī’’ti. ‘‘Evaṃ bhante’’ti kho āyasmā ānando therānaṃ bhikkhūnaṃ paṭissutvā mahatā bhikkhusaṅghena saddhiṃ pañcamattehi bhikkhusatehi nāvāya ujjavanikāya kosambiṃ ujjavi, nāvāya paccorohitvā rañño udenassa [utenassa (ka.)] uyyānassa avidūre aññatarasmiṃ rukkhamūle nisīdi. Tena kho pana samayena rājā udeno uyyāne paricāresi saddhiṃ orodhena. Assosi kho rañño udenassa orodho – ‘‘amhākaṃ kira ācariyo ayyo ānando uyyānassa avidūre aññatarasmiṃ rukkhamūle nisinno’’ti. Atha kho rañño udenassa orodho rājānaṃ udenaṃ etadavoca – ‘‘amhākaṃ kira, deva, ācariyo ayyo ānando uyyānassa avidūre aññatarasmiṃ rukkhamūle nisinno. Icchāma mayaṃ, deva, ayyaṃ ānandaṃ passitu’’nti. ‘‘Tena hi tumhe samaṇaṃ ānandaṃ passathā’’ti.


然后,尊者阿难对长老比丘们说:"大德们,世尊在般涅槃时对我这样说:'阿难,那么僧团在我去世后应该对车匿比丘实施梵罚。'"(有比丘问:)"朋友阿难,你有没有问世尊:'大德,什么是梵罚?'"(阿难回答:)"大德们,我确实问了世尊:'大德,什么是梵罚?'(世尊回答:)'阿难,让车匿比丘想说什么就说什么。比丘们不应该对车匿比丘说话,不应该劝告他,不应该教导他。'"(长老比丘们说:)"那么,朋友阿难,你就去对车匿比丘宣布梵罚吧。"(阿难说:)"大德们,我怎么能对车匿比丘宣布梵罚呢?那个比丘很粗暴,很凶猛。"(长老比丘们说:)"那么,朋友阿难,你带着许多比丘一起去吧。"尊者阿难回答长老比丘们说:"好的,大德们。"然后他与大比丘众约五百位比丘乘船沿河而上,到达憍赏弥(Kosambī)。下船后,他在优陀延王(Udena)的园林不远处的一棵树下坐下。
那时,优陀延王正与后宫妃嫔在园林中游玩。优陀延王的后宫听说:"据说我们的老师尊者阿难在园林不远处的一棵树下坐着。"于是优陀延王的后宫对优陀延王说:"陛下,据说我们的老师尊者阿难在园林不远处的一棵树下坐着。陛下,我们想去见尊者阿难。""那么,你们去见沙门阿难吧。"


Atha kho rañño udenassa orodho yenāyasmā ānando tenupasaṅkami, upasaṅkamitvā āyasmantaṃ ānandaṃ abhivādetvā ekamantaṃ nisīdi. Ekamantaṃ nisinnaṃ kho rañño udenassa orodhaṃ āyasmā ānando dhammiyā kathāya sandassesi samādapesi samuttejesi sampahaṃsesi . Atha kho rañño udenassa orodho āyasmatā ānandena dhammiyā kathāya sandassito samādapito samuttejito sampahaṃsito āyasmato ānandassa pañca uttarāsaṅgasatāni pādāsi. Atha kho rañño udenassa orodho āyasmato ānandassa bhāsitaṃ abhinanditvā anumoditvā uṭṭhāyāsanā āyasmantaṃ ānandaṃ abhivādetvā padakkhiṇaṃ katvā yena rājā udeno tenupasaṅkami. Addasā kho rājā udeno orodhaṃ dūratova āgacchantaṃ. Disvāna orodhaṃ etadavoca – ‘‘api nu kho tumhe samaṇaṃ ānandaṃ passitthā’’ti? ‘‘Apassimhā kho mayaṃ, deva, ayyaṃ ānanda’’nti. ‘‘Api nu tumhe samaṇassa ānandassa kiñci adatthā’’ti? ‘‘Adamhā kho mayaṃ, deva, ayyassa ānandassa pañca uttarāsaṅgasatānī’’ti. Rājā udeno ujjhāyati khiyyati vipāceti – ‘‘kathañhi nāma samaṇo ānando tāva bahuṃ cīvaraṃ paṭiggahessati! Dussavāṇijjaṃ vā samaṇo ānando karissati, paggāhikasālaṃ vā pasāressatī’’ti!

Atha kho rājā udeno yenāyasmā ānando tenupasaṅkami, upasaṅkamitvā āyasmatā ānandena saddhiṃ sammodi. Sammodanīyaṃ kathaṃ sāraṇīyaṃ vītisāretvā ekamantaṃ nisīdi. Ekamantaṃ nisinno kho rājā udeno āyasmantaṃ ānandaṃ etadavoca – ‘‘āgamā nu khvidha, bho ānanda, amhākaṃ orodho’’ti? ‘‘Āgamāsi kho te idha, mahārāja, orodho’’ti. ‘‘Api pana bhoto ānandassa kiñci adāsī’’ti? ‘‘Adāsi kho me, mahārāja, pañca uttarāsaṅgasatānī’’ti. ‘‘Kiṃ pana bhavaṃ ānando tāva bahuṃ cīvaraṃ karissatī’’ti? ‘‘Ye [ye pana (ka.)] te, mahārāja, bhikkhū dubbalacīvarā tehi saddhiṃ saṃvibhajissāmī’’ti. ‘‘Yāni kho pana, bho ānanda, porāṇakāni dubbalacīvarāni tāni kathaṃ karissathā’’ti? ‘‘Tāni, mahārāja, uttarattharaṇaṃ karissāmā’’ti. ‘‘Yāni pana, bho ānanda, porāṇakāni uttarattharaṇāni tāni kathaṃ karissathā’’ti? ‘‘Tāni, mahārāja, bhisicchaviyo karissāmā’’ti. ‘‘Yā pana, bho ānanda, porāṇakā bhisicchaviyo tā kathaṃ karissathā’’ti? ‘‘Tā, mahārāja, bhūmattharaṇaṃ karissāmā’’ti. ‘‘Yāni pana, bho ānanda, porāṇakāni bhūmattharaṇāni tāni kathaṃ karissathā’’ti? ‘‘Tāni, mahārāja, pādapuñchaniyo karissāmā’’ti. ‘‘Yā pana, bho ānanda, porāṇakā pādapuñchaniyo tā kathaṃ karissathā’’ti?. ‘‘Tā, mahārāja, rajoharaṇaṃ karissāmā’’ti. ‘‘Yāni pana, bho ānanda, porāṇakāni rajoharaṇāni tāni kathaṃ karissathā’’ti? ‘‘Tāni, mahārāja, koṭṭetvā cikkhallena madditvā paribhaṇḍaṃ limpissāmā’’ti.

Atha kho rājā udeno – sabbevime samaṇā sakyaputtiyā yoniso upanenti, na kulavaṃ gamentīti – āyasmato ānandassa aññānipi pañca dussasatāni pādāsi. Ayañcarahi āyasmato ānandassa paṭhamaṃ cīvarabhikkhā uppajji cīvarasahassaṃ. Atha kho āyasmā ānando yena ghositārāmo tenupasaṅkami, upasaṅkamitvā paññatte āsane nisīdi. Atha kho āyasmā channo yenāyasmā ānando tenupasaṅkami, upasaṅkamitvā āyasmantaṃ ānandaṃ abhivādetvā ekamantaṃ nisīdi. Ekamantaṃ nisinnaṃ kho āyasmantaṃ channaṃ āyasmā ānando etadavoca – ‘‘saṅghena te, āvuso channa, brahmadaṇḍo āṇāpito’’ti.


然后,优陀延王的后宫来到尊者阿难那里,向尊者阿难礼拜后坐在一旁。尊者阿难对坐在一旁的优陀延王的后宫以法语开示、劝导、鼓励、使之欢喜。优陀延王的后宫被尊者阿难以法语开示、劝导、鼓励、使之欢喜后,赠送了五百件上衣给尊者阿难。然后,优陀延王的后宫欢喜随喜尊者阿难所说,从座位起身,向尊者阿难礼拜,右绕后离开,前往优陀延王那里。
优陀延王远远地看见后宫走来。看见后,对后宫说:"你们见到沙门阿难了吗?""陛下,我们见到尊者阿难了。""你们有没有给沙门阿难什么东西?""陛下,我们给了尊者阿难五百件上衣。"优陀延王抱怨、不满、责备说:"沙门阿难怎么能接受这么多衣服呢!沙门阿难是要做布商吗,还是要开布店吗!"
然后,优陀延王来到尊者阿难那里,与尊者阿难互相问候。寒暄礼节后,坐在一旁。坐在一旁的优陀延王对尊者阿难说:"阿难先生,我的后宫来过这里吗?""大王,你的后宫来过这里。""阿难先生,他们有没有给你什么东西?""大王,他们给了我五百件上衣。""阿难先生,你要这么多衣服做什么?""大王,我要与那些衣服少的比丘们分享。""阿难先生,那些旧的破衣服你们怎么处理?""大王,我们用它们做床单。""那些旧的床单你们怎么处理?""大王,我们用它们做床垫套。""那些旧的床垫套你们怎么处理?""大王,我们用它们做地毯。""那些旧的地毯你们怎么处理?""大王,我们用它们做擦脚布。""那些旧的擦脚布你们怎么处理?""大王,我们用它们做抹布。""那些旧的抹布你们怎么处理?""大王,我们把它们撕碎,和泥混在一起,用来粉刷墙壁。"
然后,优陀延王想:"这些释迦子沙门们确实善用一切,不浪费。"于是又赠送了另外五百件布给尊者阿难。这是尊者阿难第一次得到衣物供养,共一千件衣服。
然后,尊者阿难来到瞿师多园,坐在准备好的座位上。然后,尊者车匿来到尊者阿难那里,向尊者阿难礼拜后坐在一旁。尊者阿难对坐在一旁的尊者车匿说:"朋友车匿,僧团已经对你宣布了梵罚。"


‘‘Katamo pana, bhante ānanda, brahmadaṇḍo āṇāpito’’ti? ‘‘Tvaṃ, āvuso channa, bhikkhū yaṃ iccheyyāsi taṃ vadeyyāsi. Bhikkhūhi tvaṃ neva vattabbo, na ovaditabbo, nānusāsitabbo’’ti. ‘‘Nanvāhaṃ, bhante ānanda, hato ettāvatā, yatohaṃ bhikkhūhi neva vattabbo, na ovaditabbo, nānusāsitabbo’’ti tattheva mucchito papato. Atha kho āyasmā channo brahmadaṇḍena aṭṭīyamāno harāyamāno jigucchamāno eko vūpakaṭṭho appamatto ātāpī pahitatto viharanto nacirasseva yassatthāya kulaputtā sammadeva agārasmā anagāriyaṃ pabbajanti, tadanuttaraṃ brahmacariyapariyosānaṃ diṭṭheva dhamme sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā upasampajja vihāsi. ‘Khīṇā jāti, vusitaṃ brahmacariyaṃ, kataṃ karaṇīyaṃ, nāparaṃ itthattāyā’ti abbhaññāsi. Aññataro ca panāyasmā channo arahataṃ ahosi. Atha kho āyasmā channo arahattaṃ patto yenāyasmā ānando tenupasaṅkami, upasaṅkamitvā āyasmantaṃ ānandaṃ etadavoca – ‘‘paṭippassambhehi dāni me, bhante ānanda, brahmadaṇḍa’’nti. ‘‘Yadaggena tayā, āvuso channa, arahattaṃ sacchikataṃ tadaggena te brahmadaṇḍo paṭippassaddho’’ti. Imāya kho pana vinayasaṅgītiyā pañca bhikkhusatāni anūnāni anadhikāni ahesuṃ. Tasmā ayaṃ vinayasaṅgīti ‘‘pañcasatikā’’ti vuccatīti.

Pañcasatikakkhandhako ekādasamo.

Imamhi khandhake vatthū tevīsati.

Tassuddānaṃ –

Parinibbute sambuddhe, thero kassapasavhayo;

Āmantayi bhikkhugaṇaṃ, saddhammamanupālako;

Pāvāyaddhānamaggamhi, subhaddena paveditaṃ;

Saṅgāyissāma saddhammaṃ, adhammo pure dippati.

Ekenūna pañcasataṃ, ānandampi ca uccini;

Dhammavinayasaṅgītiṃ, vasanto guhamuttame.

Upāliṃ vinayaṃ pucchi, suttantānandapaṇḍitaṃ;

Piṭakaṃ tīṇi saṅgītiṃ, akaṃsu jinasāvakā.

Na pucchi akkamitvāna, vandāpesi na yāci ca.

Pabbajjaṃ mātugāmassa, saddhāya dukkaṭāni me;

Purāṇo brahmadaṇḍañca, orodho udenena saha.

Tāva bahu dubbalañca, uttarattharaṇā bhisi;

Bhūmattharaṇā puñchaniyo, rajo cikkhallamaddanā.

Sahassacīvaraṃ uppajji, paṭhamānandasavhayo;

Tajjito brahmadaṇḍena, catussaccaṃ apāpuṇi;

Vasībhūtā pañcasatā, tasmā pañcasatī iti.


"大德阿难,宣布了什么梵罚?""朋友车匿,你想说什么就说什么。比丘们不应该对你说话,不应该劝告你,不应该教导你。""大德阿难,我岂不是已经被杀了吗?因为比丘们不对我说话,不劝告我,不教导我。"说着就在那里昏倒在地。
然后,尊者车匿因梵罚而感到痛苦、羞耻、厌恶,独自隐居,精进、热忱、专注地生活,不久就实现了善男子正确地从在家生活出家的目的,那无上的梵行的终极,在现法中自己证知、证悟、成就并安住。他了知:"生已尽,梵行已立,所作已办,不受后有。"尊者车匿成为阿罗汉之一。
然后,证得阿罗汉果的尊者车匿来到尊者阿难那里,对尊者阿难说:"大德阿难,现在请取消对我的梵罚。""朋友车匿,从你证得阿罗汉果的那一刻起,你的梵罚就自动取消了。"
在这次律的结集中,参与的比丘正好是五百人,不多不少。因此,这次律的结集被称为"五百结集"。
五百结集品第十一完成。
这一品中有二十三个故事。
其摘要如下:
正觉者般涅槃后,名叫迦叶的长老;
召集比丘众,维护正法者;
在从波婆来的路上,须跋陀所说;
我们要结集正法,以免非法先兴盛。
少一的五百人,也选了阿难;
在最高的山洞中,住下结集法和律。
问优波离律,问阿难经藏;
佛弟子们结集了三藏。
(阿难)没问(小小学处),踩(雨浴衣),让(女人先)礼拜,(没)请求(佛住世);
(促成)女人出家,我因信仰(忏悔这些)恶作;
富楼那和梵罚,后宫与优陀延。
这么多破旧的,上衣和床单;
地毯和擦脚布,抹布和泥土。
得到千件衣,阿难第一次;
受梵罚威吓,证得四圣谛;
五百人精通,故称五百结集。


Pañcasatikakkhandhakaṃ niṭṭhitaṃ.

五百结集品完成。


